What is electromotive force (EMF)?

Electromotive force (EMF) refers to the energy provided per unit charge by a source of electrical energy, such as a battery or a generator. It represents the potential difference that drives electric charges through a circuit, enabling the flow of current. When discussing EMF, it is common to express it in volts, where one volt is equivalent to one joule per coulomb of charge. This concept is fundamental in understanding how electrical circuits work, as it directly relates to how much energy is available to move charges through resistive elements in a circuit.

The other options do not accurately capture the definition of EMF. While voltage is related to capacitors, and a measure of electrical resistance is crucial in circuit analysis, these concepts don’t define EMF itself. Similarly, while charged particles exert forces, EMF specifically pertains to energy conversion in electrical systems. Thus, focusing on the energy transfer aspect clarifies why option A is indeed the correct answer.